November 29, 2009

PLL Frequency Synthesizer Step 1 KHz

In principle, Phase Lock Loop is a feedback control circuit system consists of main parts as follows:

1. Phase Detector

2. Loop Filter

3. Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)

Major role in the PLL phase detector is held by the duty comparing the input phase of the VCO signal with a reference signal and the output is a different phase.

The existence of different phases will provide a further voltage difference, the difference voltage is filtered by the loop filter and applied to VCO. Then the control voltage to the VCO frequency change towards minimize the difference between a reference signal with a feedback signal from VCO. If the loop becomes locked, then control voltage in a position where the average frequency of feedback signal exactly equal to the frequency reference.

The success of a PLL design is largely determined by the loop filter design good. This is because in the event of phase difference, phase detector, voltage differences will issue a change up and down. Loop filter must be able to hold sway voltage so that voltage changes into the VCO becomes smooth.

Figure 1. PLL diagram

For the purposes of use as a regulator of the transceiver operating frequency,

various PLL can we make, but in this paper try asking a PLL design with a detailed circuit so that we can easily understand how it works. Although to fulfill that purpose is required of

many components, but with this design step can work clearly understood. In this design is used a lot of IC TC9122,TC5081, TC5082, TC4017 and TA7310.

Actually PLL circuit can be made with a fairly simple example using IC type MC145106, MC145163, and so forth there are also many on the market. These type of IC has been able to perform the function is complete, with an IC is able to perform the functions of the TC9122, TC5081, TC5082 and TC4017. But the use of IC type is not discussed in this paper.

Circuit Design

In this paper proposed a PLL design with step 1 KHz fine equipped with an analog tuner with band width of 1 to 2 KHz to allow setting more precise operating frequency (less than 1 KHz).

PLL is planned to be able to work from 13,700 to 14,699 MHz for use in transceiver with carrier oscillator or 10.7 MHz SSB filter. Working frequency is set with three-digit thumb wheel such that the number of hundreds, tens and units of KHz on the display thumb wheel can immediately show operating frequency transceiver.

If we have described, the PLL consists of several parts is generating reference frequency (1KHz), phase detector, loop filter, VCO, programmable oscillator mixing DEVIDER and feedback.

As a reference frequency generator used to charge TC5082 raised frequency of 10 KHz and the duty to share TC4017 frequency 10KHz results from TC5082 to 1KHz. 1KHz frequency is then used as comparison phase by phase detector TC5081.

For VCO in this design is used TA7310. The use of IC is intended to be at once doubled as the mixer for the purposes of feedback on the phase detector through a programmable DEVIDER. In this design the input to the programmable DEVIDER a result of the reduction of the frequency VCO with frequency crystal.

Frequency VCO and band width is set according to the needs in this design he should be able to work at a frequency of 13,700 MHz to 14,700 MHz, for used on instrument with 10.7 Mc IF. As a control frequency of the VCO varactor diodes are used. Various types of varactor can be used for example MV2205, MV2209, BA150, SMV 610 and so on. Type varactor diode of the above have a capacitance range different which can be seen in vademicum issued by the manufacturer.

Programmable devider share feedback from the VCO frequency by a factor of divider as we enter the program, the results are fed into the phase detector and compared with the reference signal. As a programmable DEVIDER TC9122 use, type of IC has the ability to share with the divisor factor until 3999.

Therefore, feedback from the VCO can not be directly input to TC9122 and must first be mixed with an oscillator frequency and the result is inputted into devider. Frekuensi mixer oscillator must be chosen so that the reduction does not exceed the ability of TC9122. For example, the PLL design is planned to work on 13,700 MHz to 14,699 MHz oscillator used mixing 12,700 MHz (the difference is 1-1999 MHz).

TC9122 programming done Binary coded Decimal (BCD) is that any decimal number represented by 4 binary digits. Entering unit numbers done by hand while the thousands (MHz) is permanently inserted directly connected pins 15 to Vdd. Entering done by thumb wheel, or can also use the Up down switch.

Figure 2. Circuit PLL

Up Down Switch for PLL

Frequency mixing crystal oscillator is selected on 12.700MHz with the intention that display numbers on the right thumb wheel with working frequency transceiver. For the purpose this often required a crystal with a frequency that is hard to find in the market. If no
crystals can be obtained with the ideal frequency as mentioned above, can also be selected crystals
with frequencies close to the consequences of viewing figures thumb wheel odds with the frequency of work.
Used as a phase detector IC TC5081 charge of comparing the phase feedback signal derived from the VCO through a programmable DEVIDER with reference signal.
The next phase detector will set the control voltage through the loop filter so that the VCO
adjust the frequency so that its phase equals with reference frequency.
In pin 4 of the TC5081 facility if there equipped with LED circuit indicator may give an indication whether the PLL in lock state or not. With the circuit as shown on the figure 2 above, the LED will light when the PLL is not locked in and will die if PLL locked.
Supply voltage electricity can be used with 5 to 9 VDC, this design used in +5 V. The use of higher supply of 5V on this design can be done without having to change the value of component values except elco and tantalum voltage that must be considered.

Reff. Sunarto YBOUSJ



November 21, 2009

My Homemade Microcontroller Programmer

This time I want to show the old version of my build own the micro-1 programmer. The tool is started I've made since I have a desire to make a frequency counter based PIC16x84. For the purposes of programming the microcontroller's I had to make this programmer. Namely the simple desire to find a series of Programmers a simple but can also be used as development board. After searching literature books and the Internet so I found a series of micro-1 was designed by our friend Ibnu malik. Below programmer I had made and successfully :

Micro-1 above I make the PCB board with holes and assemble the components in a way ugly style. It was ugly but essential function properly. Total cost : not more than $ 7 USD. That information from me hopefully inspire the reader might as well .. have fun ..

November 18, 2009

Very Useful and Cheap Development Board / Programmer Microcontroller PIC16F84

In order to load program to microcontroller PIC16F84 so we want for a circuit programmer . As usually with programmer microcontroller there will always be placed the microcontroller to socket (ZIF socket) and then load program in its.
After we load program to the microcontroller complete then release its from socket and then install into target circuit (example: robot circuit) that already prepared. However if loaded program is not working properly , so we must release microcontroller and re-load program again into programmer. And so continuous until our robot circuit working properly.
Process insert-release this chip microcontroller sure will need long time and thereby will also take time for process development our robot circuit.
For save time when process development robot circuit based microcontroller PIC16F84 so we can using a development board so-called Micro-3 computer. With using this device we unnecessary again process insert-release microcontroller.
At Micro-3 computer board there has been programmer circuit for microcontroller PIC16F84. Just only connect to computer via serial port. For programming can be done by arrange DIP switch to “PROGRAM” mode. After load program to microcontroller finished so arrange again DIP switch to “RUN” mode.
Thereby where board for programmer microcontroller and board for target circuit integrated into a board so the Micro-3 programmer have been very useful device.

For making Development board Micro-3 programmer is very easy, we only need some component that available in market such as resistor10K / 4K7 ,IC 7805, DIP switch, Socket IC and several connector.
The circuit Micro-3 programmer
Ways of working above circuit as follow : when will going to programming to microcontroller so now connect DB9 with serial port computer. Setting DIP switch at mode “PROGRAM” on position : DIP SW1 ON, DIP SW2 OFF, DIP SW3 ON, DIP SW4 ON, DIP SW5 OFF, DIP SW6 OFF. In this case occasion microcontroller connected with circuit programmer
And after programming process have been finished then DIP switch must be turnback to “RUN” mode on position : DIP SW1 OFF, DIP SW2 ON, DIP SW3 OFF, DIP SW4 OFF, DIP SW5 ON, DIP SW6 ON. In this case occasion microcontroller isolated from circuit programmer and connected to target circuit and target circuit will working in the same manner as input program .

How to use of Micro-3 Programmer

Micro-3 is a Development Board / Programmer to learn and use the microcontroller PIC16F84.
Using the Development Board, this will shorten the learning time and at the same PIC16F84
microcontroller can be used for real purposes.
Micro-3 is using a microcontroller-based PIC16F84 Flash memory that allows the process to erase and write 1000 times. You can program and delete much.
Therefore, the circuit based with this can be upgraded in software someday. Your
investment will remain safe. For example is you create a device-based Micro-3 , but appeared later performance demands (eg to deal with some additional sensors again) then it may be possible given the nature PIC16F84
re programmable. You can just customize the program to the performance
demands of today.

Specification

Micro-3 has a specification as follows.
. Dimension: 9.5 cm x 5 cm
. Processor: PIC16x84
. Operating frequency: 4 MHz
. Number of I / O: 13
. Working voltage : +9 volt ~ +12 volt
. Interface : Serial (COM port)
. OS : Win 98/SE, Win 2000, Win XP
. Port available : Port A = RA0..RA4
Port B = RB0..RB7
(all port can used)
. Power supply:
a. Program: +13 VDC ~ +14 VDC
(No more !!!).
b. Run: +9 VDC ~ +12 VDC
. Relations with PC: Serial port
. Other: DIP switch regulator Run / Program


Step by Step to Use

By the time you already made a Micro-3 , you can not directly use these tools. This is because in a state mikrokontrolernya not programmed. Therefore should be done for microcontroller programming process with the program to your liking.

The steps as follows:
1. The first open the program PICPROG (freeware) on your computer to transfer the contents of the program to Micro-3 computer. If you do not have PICPROG (freeware) you can download here.

2. Klik icon "Open" and then select the hex extension file (*. hex) where the file is actually a compilation using MPASM or other compilers (eg MicroPascal for PIC).

3. Setting DIP switches on the micro-3 in the PROGRAM mode position.
4. Select oscillator on "XT" by clicking the radio buttons on the XT
5. Select marking on the "Power-up Timer" and others leave it blank.
Program mode
Mode is programmed microcontroller / download programs from a PC via cable
given and connect with the serial Port.
Switch 1 ON
Switch 2 OFF
Switch 3 ON
Switch 4
ON
Switch 5 OFF
Switch 6 OFF

Since the Micro-3 came in the condition not been programmed, so setting DIP switches in accordance with the Program mode. After all the above done, then the Micro-3 has been prepared to be programmed.
To ensure that the Micro-3 can be used may have been done using
following the pilot program. Write the following program in a text editor
(notepad, etc. Q Edit).
; Experiment Program for Micro-3
; File name: tesmicro.asm
;============================
processor 16f84
org 0x00
Start
movlw 0xaa
end

Save a file with a name:
tesmicro.asm
After that did compile programs using MPASM.


Find tesmicro.asm file through Browse button and then press the Assemble button will appear which indicates the process there are no mistakes.
From this process you will get a file that is: tesmicro.hex.
After that open software programmers (picprog) and enter the tesmicro.hex file.
Do not forget to install the program voltage of +13 VDC ~ +14 VDC.
6. After that click the "Program" so that the download process will soon take place.
After a successful programming process the contents of the microcontroller PIC16F84 can be viewed using button "Read " / glasses symbol.
The results must be obtained is the value of 30AA. While other data is 3FFF. This indicates that the programmer has to function properly
7. After the download is complete, set the DIP switches on the Micro-3 in RUN position
Switch 1 OFF
Switch 2
ON
Switch 3 OFF
Switch 4
OFF
Switch 5 ON
Switch 6 ON

8. Consider what the target circuit is working correctly. If not try to turn off the source 9 volt briefly to give Power On Reset.
9. Once we are sure that the Micro-3 works well, then now is the time you make your own program in accordance with the desired performance.

Power Supply

The following example is given power supply that can be used to program the Micro-3 .
Already explained above that when the programming voltage required for +13 VDC ~ +14 VDC.
As for the mode "Run" can use the voltage +9 V ~ +12 VDC.
In "Run" mode also can be used a 9 V battery.
This is because the Micro-3 has found a tool that regulate the voltage input to 5 volt voltage.
You can also use a 5 Volt voltage, but you must give to pin microcontroller that prescribed.

Arrangement of pins I / O


Micro-3 has 3 pen I / O are arranged in 2 rows. The composition of the I / O is as follows.

The structure is as follows:

RA1 RA0 CLK1 GND CLK2 +5 V +12 V GND Rb5 RB4

RA2 RA3 RA4 RST RB6 Ke7 RB0 RB1 RB2 RB3
Description:

RAx = Port A
RBx = Port B
RST = Reset
GND = Ground
Pin CLKx = Clock
+12 V = on this pen is available voltage
+12 V (+9 to +12 V or V depending on input voltage).
+5 V = on this pen is available voltage
+ 5V (regardless of input voltage).




November 16, 2009

TEST AND MEASUREMENT WITH OSCILLOSCOPE

Oscilloscope used to see a form of signal that want to checked. With oscilloscope so we can know about frequency, period, and voltage of the signal. Also with little adjusting we can know the different phase between input signal and output signal.

Oscilloscope consist of 2 main section that is display and control panel. The display like as screen layer on the television but only without color and in function for display the signal input.In this screen contain transvers line in a vertical and horizontal manner that shaping cubicle called div. Horizontal direction represent time axis and vertical line represent voltage axis.

Control panel contain button-button that used for display setting.

Usually oscilloscope consist of 2 channel that can used for check 2 different signal input, for example the first channel for observe input signal and second channel for observe output signal.

Before use oscilloscope to observe the signal so firstly we must setting its in order to avoid fault in Measurement.

Fine point that need to take attention are :

  1. Make sure of the modul or circuit that want to checked and oscilloscope already grounded.Besides for safety also to reduce noise from radio frequency interference and AC voltage.
  1. Make sure that probe is in good condition.

  2. Display calibration can be made by control panel of oscilloscope.

Control knop in panel oscilloscope are :

  • Focus : used to arrange focus

  • Intensity : For arrange brightness line that displayed on screen.

  • Trace : Arrange declivity of line axis Y=0 on screen.

  • Volt/div : Arrange what value of voltage that represent with 1(one) div on screen.

  • Time/div : Arrange what value of time that represent with 1(one) div on screen.

  • Position : For arrange normal position of X axis (when input value is 0 volt)

  • AC/DC : Arrange function coupling capasitor at input terminal oscilloscope. If button on AC position so in put terminal connect by capasitor coupling that it will only pass AC component from input signal. However if button switch to DC so signal will measured with its DC component that coming along.

  • Ground : used to check location of ground on screen.

  • Channel 1 / 2 : choose channel that want to used.

First step using that is calibration

  1. For first time must confirm that horizontal line must seen on the screen if no signal input. Where it is necessary to adjusted focus, intensity, X position and Y position. By use of voltage reference that contained in oscilloscope we can be do simple calibration .

  2. There are 2 voltage reference that referable that is square voltage 2Vpp and 0.2Vpp with frequency 1 KHz. By connecting probe to terminal voltage reference so it will appear square voltage on the screen.

  3. If use 2Vpp voltage reference so at position 1 volt/div (one vertical cell is represent voltage 1 volt) must appeared value peak to peak voltage (Vpp) as many as 2 cell and for time/div 1 ms/div (one horizontal cell is represent time 1 ms) must appeared value 1(one) wave per 1(one) cell. If setting imprecision so need to adjust potensio that contained in the middle position knob replacement of volt/div and time/div.

  4. Or at oscilloscope photo above the potensio indicated by “ var”.