Servo motors can be used with success in several different robotic applications. The have a very simple electrical interface and are available in a great assortment of specifications and prices.
Usually one can get started with a very cheap one. This paper will show how to control one of these servos using a PC and a microchip PIC microcontroller. For read more see here.
December 23, 2009
Programming Lego robot using NQC
The Lego Minstroms and CyberMaster robots are wonderful new toys from wich a wide variaty of robots can be contructed, that can programed to do all sorts of complicated tasks. Unfortunately, the software that comes with the robots is , although visually attractive, rather limited in functionality. Hence, it can only be used for simple tasks.
To unleash the full power of robots, you need a different programmming environment. NQC is prograamming language written by Dave Baum, that was especially designed for the Lego robots. For complete report can look at here.
To unleash the full power of robots, you need a different programmming environment. NQC is prograamming language written by Dave Baum, that was especially designed for the Lego robots. For complete report can look at here.
December 22, 2009
Microprocessor Controlled Vehicle Robot
The UEL group project should force students working together as a small group. Therefore a vehicle, called "MIcromouse" was to be designed and built up.
Aim of project is to win the final race, wich consist of three round each 2 lap on a small rectangular maze. For the complete report can read on here
Aim of project is to win the final race, wich consist of three round each 2 lap on a small rectangular maze. For the complete report can read on here
December 21, 2009
Making the VFO PLL for High Frequency
Homebrew multiband SSB transceiver part 6
Programmable IC TC 9122 DEVIDER was only able to divide frequency up to approximately 14 MHz at 6-volt voltage.
For the ability devider is 1 to 3999.
Therefore, if the frequency that must be shared exceeds the capacity it should be held down Conversion, which required pre-mixer.
For example the 5266 KHz IF frequency to be work in the 14250 KHz band is required to vfo frequency 14250 + 5266 = 19516 KHz PLL so must be made
who worked around 19516 KHz.
In this project the set Oscilator Reference 1KHz, was
Xtal oscillator taken 16 MHz. Because 16MHz crystal
available lots in the market.
From the block diagram above can be calculated that the frequency of
into the TC 9122 to work on 14250KHz is 19516KHz -16000KHz = 3516KHz. 3516 numbers are still under number 3999 of the divider TC 9122. So the 14250KHz working frequency must be programmed for the TC9122 to 3516 that if written in BCD: 11 0101 0001 0110
Control circuit used for IC CD4029 up / down counter that can be programmed.
To move UP / DOWN is used two IC CD4011 also as debouncer. Encoder dial can
use mechanical systems that available in the market. Dial encoder can be used from the component MOUSE computer unused / damaged.
To make the VFO on the other band, the market can be found in the crystal
with frequency 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 16 MHz that can be tried to achieve the desired frequency band
Programmable IC TC 9122 DEVIDER was only able to divide frequency up to approximately 14 MHz at 6-volt voltage.
For the ability devider is 1 to 3999.
Therefore, if the frequency that must be shared exceeds the capacity it should be held down Conversion, which required pre-mixer.
For example the 5266 KHz IF frequency to be work in the 14250 KHz band is required to vfo frequency 14250 + 5266 = 19516 KHz PLL so must be made
who worked around 19516 KHz.
In this project the set Oscilator Reference 1KHz, wasXtal oscillator taken 16 MHz. Because 16MHz crystal
available lots in the market.
From the block diagram above can be calculated that the frequency ofinto the TC 9122 to work on 14250KHz is 19516KHz -16000KHz = 3516KHz. 3516 numbers are still under number 3999 of the divider TC 9122. So the 14250KHz working frequency must be programmed for the TC9122 to 3516 that if written in BCD: 11 0101 0001 0110
Control circuit used for IC CD4029 up / down counter that can be programmed.
To move UP / DOWN is used two IC CD4011 also as debouncer. Encoder dial canuse mechanical systems that available in the market. Dial encoder can be used from the component MOUSE computer unused / damaged.
To make the VFO on the other band, the market can be found in the crystal
with frequency 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 16 MHz that can be tried to achieve the desired frequency band
December 18, 2009
System to make VFO PLL (phase lock loop)
Homebrew multiband SSB transceiver part 5
The basis of the PLL circuit system can be described as below:
a. Frequency Reference
This circuit has a stable output so it should be raised through Xtal oscillator, which then split - for to obtain a low frequency such as 1 KHz. So F1 = 1kHz
b. Comparator:
This circuit has 2 input frequency F1 and F2 and have an output DC voltage. The nature of this circuit is: If F1 = F2 then the output is a constant DC voltage. And If F1 is not F2 is equal to the DC output is shaped sawtooth (saw tooth). Output voltage is fed to the VCO circuit.
c. VCO = Voltage Controll Oscilator:
This circuit is a series of Variable frequency oscillator which is controlled by frequencynya output voltage. In this PLL circuit that controls the voltage is voltage output of the Comparator. From the picture above if F1 = F2 = 1 KHz then the voltage output of Comparator constant so that the output frequency of VCO fixed or stable. In such circumstances This system is said in LOCK state.
d. PROGRAMMABLE DEVIDER:
This circuit is a circuit that can divide frequency, has an input and an output. TC9122 IC can be divided from 1 to 3999.
For this programming provided on 14 pin TC9122 for BCD numbers,
A1A2A3A4 B1B2B3B4 C1C2C3C4 D1D2.
If you want to deprogram the 3149 PIN 2 must be in give voltage:
1001 0010 1000 11.
1 = high (no tension) and 0 = low (no voltage)
If N is made 3149's F1 = 1 KHz the system in will LOCK when Fout = 3149 MHz. The formula is
Fout = N = Nx F1
divisor program, F1 = freq.Ref
The basis of the PLL circuit system can be described as below:
a. Frequency Reference
This circuit has a stable output so it should be raised through Xtal oscillator, which then split - for to obtain a low frequency such as 1 KHz. So F1 = 1kHz
b. Comparator:
This circuit has 2 input frequency F1 and F2 and have an output DC voltage. The nature of this circuit is: If F1 = F2 then the output is a constant DC voltage. And If F1 is not F2 is equal to the DC output is shaped sawtooth (saw tooth). Output voltage is fed to the VCO circuit.
c. VCO = Voltage Controll Oscilator:
This circuit is a series of Variable frequency oscillator which is controlled by frequencynya output voltage. In this PLL circuit that controls the voltage is voltage output of the Comparator. From the picture above if F1 = F2 = 1 KHz then the voltage output of Comparator constant so that the output frequency of VCO fixed or stable. In such circumstances This system is said in LOCK state.
d. PROGRAMMABLE DEVIDER:
This circuit is a circuit that can divide frequency, has an input and an output. TC9122 IC can be divided from 1 to 3999.
For this programming provided on 14 pin TC9122 for BCD numbers,
A1A2A3A4 B1B2B3B4 C1C2C3C4 D1D2.
If you want to deprogram the 3149 PIN 2 must be in give voltage:
1001 0010 1000 11.
1 = high (no tension) and 0 = low (no voltage)
If N is made 3149's F1 = 1 KHz the system in will LOCK when Fout = 3149 MHz. The formula is
Fout = N = Nx F1
divisor program, F1 = freq.Ref
Make Exciter SSB transceiver.
Homebrew multiband SSB transceiver part 4
In a box if there is a TX and a RX is the box can not be called an Transceiver (TRX). Because of a unit will be called a transceiver when the unit are Tx and RX. and between the TX and RX there some components such as IF amplifier combined, SSB filter, VFO, power supply and others.
In this project for good efficiency RF amplifiers for transmit and to receive also be incorporated. More and more components / units are held together more quickly and easy to assemble.
In this project is put together is:
a. Power Supply
b. If amplifier
c. SSB filter
d. VFO
e. RF amplifier TX / RX
Note that in this circuit there are many diodes , A few diodes act as switches and the other as DC current bloking.
In a box if there is a TX and a RX is the box can not be called an Transceiver (TRX). Because of a unit will be called a transceiver when the unit are Tx and RX. and between the TX and RX there some components such as IF amplifier combined, SSB filter, VFO, power supply and others.
In this project for good efficiency RF amplifiers for transmit and to receive also be incorporated. More and more components / units are held together more quickly and easy to assemble.
In this project is put together is:
a. Power Supply
b. If amplifier
c. SSB filter
d. VFO
e. RF amplifier TX / RX
Note that in this circuit there are many diodes , A few diodes act as switches and the other as DC current bloking.
Homebrew make IF transformer
Homebrew multiband SSB transceiver part 3
From the results of experiment for frequewncy around 5 MHz (5.2665MHz) L1 = L2 = 30 wrap 5 Koker wrap on the ferrite core diameter of 6 millim, C1 = 100 pf.
IF amplifier includes Low Power Amplifier so that only need a small current, and a parallel load L1C1 as a band pass filter.
We know that the LC parallel a high impedance, while the bipolar transistor has a medium impedance. As such collector can not be connected directly to point A but ketitik B, That be located where the question point B?
There Rule of Thumb is: Called hot-end point A, point C is called the cold-end if the collector higher impedance point B must be closer to point A. And vice versa if the impedance collector more Low point B closer to point C.
We know that the impedance Z = V / I with a large or small impedance depends on the size of collector currents collector. The smaller the current higher impedance.
The amount of L2 that will roll into the amplifier input The next approximately 1 / 6 of the number of coils L2 and must rolled near point C cold-end.
From the results of experiment for frequewncy around 5 MHz (5.2665MHz) L1 = L2 = 30 wrap 5 Koker wrap on the ferrite core diameter of 6 millim, C1 = 100 pf.IF amplifier includes Low Power Amplifier so that only need a small current, and a parallel load L1C1 as a band pass filter.
We know that the LC parallel a high impedance, while the bipolar transistor has a medium impedance. As such collector can not be connected directly to point A but ketitik B, That be located where the question point B?
There Rule of Thumb is: Called hot-end point A, point C is called the cold-end if the collector higher impedance point B must be closer to point A. And vice versa if the impedance collector more Low point B closer to point C.
We know that the impedance Z = V / I with a large or small impedance depends on the size of collector currents collector. The smaller the current higher impedance.
The amount of L2 that will roll into the amplifier input The next approximately 1 / 6 of the number of coils L2 and must rolled near point C cold-end.
December 16, 2009
Make SSB Filter
Homebrew multiband SSB transceiver part 2
Experience shows that to make a SSB filter This is the most profitable is to configure Lattice Filter. With this configuration seems to be very easy to achieve a flat top on the pass band, and both have a slope of near symetris, so easy to use to filter the USB and LSB. In this project used two types of crystals each with a frequency X1 = X2 = 5.26665 and 5.26865 MHz.
Note that it has 2 crystal 2 KHz difference. LC components in parallel resonant frequency is set to 5.26765 to form near the top flat. Condensator C1 and C2 expected that the band pass filter becomes wider.
In this project C2 = 10 pf and R1 = R2 = 2.2k. LC1 set Resonant in the middle order bandpass peaks Bandpass near average. L Koker wound on ferrite core 6 mm as many as 45 wrap while C1 = 50 pf. There are several terms for this SSB filter,:
a. Band pass as shown symetris called filters, left and right slopes of the same
b. Boundary slope with flat line is notch filter. In image point X1 is X2 notch below being called top notch.
c. If the carrier frequency in the notch below ditepatkan there will be a SSB USB and vice versa if matched carrier frequency of the notch that will there is SSB LSB d. Thus to change from LSB to the USB is denganmengganti carrier frequency without having to replace filter.
This is one advantage of the filter that symetris.
Experience shows that to make a SSB filter This is the most profitable is to configure Lattice Filter. With this configuration seems to be very easy to achieve a flat top on the pass band, and both have a slope of near symetris, so easy to use to filter the USB and LSB. In this project used two types of crystals each with a frequency X1 = X2 = 5.26665 and 5.26865 MHz.
Note that it has 2 crystal 2 KHz difference. LC components in parallel resonant frequency is set to 5.26765 to form near the top flat. Condensator C1 and C2 expected that the band pass filter becomes wider.
In this project C2 = 10 pf and R1 = R2 = 2.2k. LC1 set Resonant in the middle order bandpass peaks Bandpass near average. L Koker wound on ferrite core 6 mm as many as 45 wrap while C1 = 50 pf. There are several terms for this SSB filter,:
a. Band pass as shown symetris called filters, left and right slopes of the same
b. Boundary slope with flat line is notch filter. In image point X1 is X2 notch below being called top notch.
c. If the carrier frequency in the notch below ditepatkan there will be a SSB USB and vice versa if matched carrier frequency of the notch that will there is SSB LSB d. Thus to change from LSB to the USB is denganmengganti carrier frequency without having to replace filter.
This is one advantage of the filter that symetris.
December 13, 2009
Homebrew Multiband SSB Transceiver part 1
For radio amateurs who enjoy making their own equipment Sure hope some time to make homemade multiband transceiver. Here the author deliberately design a display-oriented SSB transceiver with components that are easy to make and with components easily available in the market. The block diagram of multiband transceiver like the following:
Figure 1 Multiband SSB Transceiver diagram
From the diagram above transceivers today I want to explain important points only gradually and is the key to the design, are:
1. Make a SSB filter
2. Creating IF amplifier transformers
3. Creating Exciter
4. Making the system PLL VFO for each band ( 3.5, 7, 14, 21, 28 MHz).
5. Creating the DDS VFO (Direct Digital Synthesizer)
6. Digital display.
Figure 1 Multiband SSB Transceiver diagramFrom the diagram above transceivers today I want to explain important points only gradually and is the key to the design, are:
1. Make a SSB filter
2. Creating IF amplifier transformers
3. Creating Exciter
4. Making the system PLL VFO for each band ( 3.5, 7, 14, 21, 28 MHz).
5. Creating the DDS VFO (Direct Digital Synthesizer)
6. Digital display.
December 10, 2009
Amateur Radio Antenna Designing Software Use MMANA part 2
Step By Simple Antenna Analysis
During the install, MMANA has prepared many examples of antenna that can be used without need to make a new antenna examples. Various examples can be accessed via the menu MMANA File -> Open, in which there will be some folders containing the antenna examples, such as,
Aperiodic - like Rhombic.
Feeders - feeder antenna.
HF Beam - beam antennas in HF.
HF multiband - multiband antennas in HF.
HF Simple - a simple antenna on HF.
Match - for impedance matching.
Receive - to receiver / radio receiver.
Short - short antenna.
VHF - VHF and UHF antennas.
VHF Beam - antenna beam / yagi in the VHF / UHF. And many more.
If we do not need to tune the antenna to another frequency, then the actual simulation process is very simple.
Several stages / steps that need to be simple to analyze an antenna is as follows,
During the install, MMANA has prepared many examples of antenna that can be used without need to make a new antenna examples. Various examples can be accessed via the menu MMANA File -> Open, in which there will be some folders containing the antenna examples, such as,
Aperiodic - like Rhombic.
Feeders - feeder antenna.
HF Beam - beam antennas in HF.
HF multiband - multiband antennas in HF.
HF Simple - a simple antenna on HF.
Match - for impedance matching.
Receive - to receiver / radio receiver.
Short - short antenna.
VHF - VHF and UHF antennas.
VHF Beam - antenna beam / yagi in the VHF / UHF. And many more.
If we do not need to tune the antenna to another frequency, then the actual simulation process is very simple.
Several stages / steps that need to be simple to analyze an antenna is as follows,
- Load the file in the desired antenna, through MMANA menu File -> Open -> Folders desired -> Files are in want.
After the files antenna that we want in the select and the load to MMANA, you will be showing dimensions / geometry of the antenna to be simulated, along with various other information, such as source and load position (coil) of the pairs of antennas.
- Click the Calculate menu to prepare to simulate antenna. There are some things we can change in the Calculate menu, namely, operating frequency antenna, tower height, and type antenna material (whether it is a wire or pipe, copper or aluminum). Changes can do it now before doing calculations. Be careful in changing frekeunsi Your antenna may be un-tuned. Should perform optimization (Optimization) if you just change the operating frequency.
- Press the start button in the Calculate menu to simulate the antenna, the information will be in out among others is the SWR, gain, beam elevation angle.
The next step is often done is to look at performance (SWR, forward gain and pattern antenna radiation) in a certain frequency range. This is done using the menu Plot which is at the bottom of the Calculate menu. We usually need to press the button "Detailed" to get all the calculations at various frequencies.
- We then can see the impedance (Z) vs. frequency
- SWR vs Frequency
Note that the lowest SWR 1:1.1 near good enough for an antenna. We also see clearly, the frequency region where the antenna is still in resonance.
- Gain vs. Frequency Radiation pattern vs. Frequency
If we are quite satisfied with the results of the simulation, usually we want to know the dimensions / geometry antenna. This can be done by pressing the View menu, there is cable dimensions in right side. To find out the various dimensions of the existing cable we need to use Wire Selected menu in the lower right.
December 09, 2009
Homebrew PLL for HF Band
This is a PLL design that have been tried and works well for HF bands,
based on this design can be developed more PLL for frequency other band.
1. Because this PLL works at 100 Hz step, it created the first reference frequency 100 Hz. Circuit that handles it is UNIT CLARIFIER, IC2, IC3, IC4 and IC5 is fed to the Comparator pin3. CLARIFIER produce 6144 MHz frequency changed by a digital signal IC2, IC3 divided by 4069 and divided again by 15 by IC4 thus obtained frequency 100Hz.
2. PLL design is the issue of output 5.5 MHz to 6 MHz.Output of VCO strengthened in addition to output, some output is inserted into IC1 Pin 4 to be mixed with the xtal oscillator frequency. The results of this mixing the difference is taken and converted into digital signals by the IC2 and fed to the IC19 (4059) called programmable DEVIDER.
3. In this project we design so that it is in the ON PLL's output frequency 5.7MHz. (Please design something different). The output of the mixer IC1 Pin6 is 6144 - 4440 = 5.7 Hz, which is then fed to the PROGRAMMABLE IC10 DEVIDER Pin1 for 4440 divided by the number 100 to get the results hz on pin 13. The output from IC 10 pin 13 is fed to the IC Comparator 5. Because IC5 receive 2 same frequency 100Hz then the IC 10 will be LOCK marked with LED flame. Pin output of Comparator 13 is a a constant DC voltage and fed to the varicap diode at 209 MV VCO. Thus the PLL out will also be constant or stable at 5.7MHz to Comparator LOCK, so that the output of IC5 is a DC voltage a constant and flat. This DC voltage is fed to the VCO so that the PLL stable at 5.7MHz frequency.
4. To program the IC 10 to divide the 4440, conducted via UP / DOWN consisting of counter IC6, IC7, IC8 and IC9, which each have Pin 4, 12, 13 and 3, which is used to enter the program. If PIN2 is given 9-volt voltage will have a weight like a table in the schema, while the foot that the weighted ground ZERO.
5. In this project programmed IC 6 weight 4, then 4000, weighing 7 IC 4 means 400, IC 8 weighted 4, means 40 are IC9 weighted 0, so the value of the program is = 4000 + 400 + 40 + 0 = 4440. (try it with other programs)
6. Dial Encoder with all its components to move the value of the program which is the UP / DWN counter so that the PLL to walk up / down.
Reff. Supardi yb3dd.
based on this design can be developed more PLL for frequency other band.
1. Because this PLL works at 100 Hz step, it created the first reference frequency 100 Hz. Circuit that handles it is UNIT CLARIFIER, IC2, IC3, IC4 and IC5 is fed to the Comparator pin3. CLARIFIER produce 6144 MHz frequency changed by a digital signal IC2, IC3 divided by 4069 and divided again by 15 by IC4 thus obtained frequency 100Hz.
2. PLL design is the issue of output 5.5 MHz to 6 MHz.Output of VCO strengthened in addition to output, some output is inserted into IC1 Pin 4 to be mixed with the xtal oscillator frequency. The results of this mixing the difference is taken and converted into digital signals by the IC2 and fed to the IC19 (4059) called programmable DEVIDER.
3. In this project we design so that it is in the ON PLL's output frequency 5.7MHz. (Please design something different). The output of the mixer IC1 Pin6 is 6144 - 4440 = 5.7 Hz, which is then fed to the PROGRAMMABLE IC10 DEVIDER Pin1 for 4440 divided by the number 100 to get the results hz on pin 13. The output from IC 10 pin 13 is fed to the IC Comparator 5. Because IC5 receive 2 same frequency 100Hz then the IC 10 will be LOCK marked with LED flame. Pin output of Comparator 13 is a a constant DC voltage and fed to the varicap diode at 209 MV VCO. Thus the PLL out will also be constant or stable at 5.7MHz to Comparator LOCK, so that the output of IC5 is a DC voltage a constant and flat. This DC voltage is fed to the VCO so that the PLL stable at 5.7MHz frequency.
4. To program the IC 10 to divide the 4440, conducted via UP / DOWN consisting of counter IC6, IC7, IC8 and IC9, which each have Pin 4, 12, 13 and 3, which is used to enter the program. If PIN2 is given 9-volt voltage will have a weight like a table in the schema, while the foot that the weighted ground ZERO.
5. In this project programmed IC 6 weight 4, then 4000, weighing 7 IC 4 means 400, IC 8 weighted 4, means 40 are IC9 weighted 0, so the value of the program is = 4000 + 400 + 40 + 0 = 4440. (try it with other programs)
6. Dial Encoder with all its components to move the value of the program which is the UP / DWN counter so that the PLL to walk up / down.
Reff. Supardi yb3dd.
Amateur Radio Antenna Designing Software Use MMANA
MMANA is software to simulate antenna made by JE3HHT - Makoto Mori, DL1PBD - Alex Schewelew & DL2KQ - Igor Gontcharenko.
Using software MMANA we can calculate exactly how the size antenna should we get up for work at certain frequencies and a good match. I itself had several times to implement the results of calculations and all MMANA average obtain good results. MMANA software can be taken for free on the Internet from the address,
http://mmhamsoft.amateur-radio.ca/files/programs/MMANA-GAL-1.2.0.20.exe
Installing on a Windows PC is relatively simple, like installing other software, we just need to click on file ,
And file exe from MMANA will automatically installed on the PC that we use.
Using software MMANA we can calculate exactly how the size antenna should we get up for work at certain frequencies and a good match. I itself had several times to implement the results of calculations and all MMANA average obtain good results. MMANA software can be taken for free on the Internet from the address,
http://mmhamsoft.amateur-radio.ca/files/programs/MMANA-GAL-1.2.0.20.exe
Installing on a Windows PC is relatively simple, like installing other software, we just need to click on file ,
And file exe from MMANA will automatically installed on the PC that we use.
December 08, 2009
Homebrew Frequency Counter PIC16F84
This is a very useful equipment for these experiments are related to amateur radio. If we buy products so of course expensive for my pocket barely. It was lucky I found a reference from the internet about the projects of frequency counter OM3CPH radio amateurs on His site.
Once when I have not made this tool during these experiments to make the oscillator is always there constraints to find whether it is working or to know the frequency and the output is become the biggest obstacle in my hobby to make a radio projects.
Manufacturing process for circuit and I mimic the same PCB with the
which he described OM3CPH. Constituent components of this project are also many available in the market so do not be worried for him.
The result of my homebrew, fantastic until now still do well and I still use.
On the other time I would describe the experience making this frequncy counter
Once when I have not made this tool during these experiments to make the oscillator is always there constraints to find whether it is working or to know the frequency and the output is become the biggest obstacle in my hobby to make a radio projects.
Manufacturing process for circuit and I mimic the same PCB with the
which he described OM3CPH. Constituent components of this project are also many available in the market so do not be worried for him.
The result of my homebrew, fantastic until now still do well and I still use.
On the other time I would describe the experience making this frequncy counter
December 04, 2009
Text Editor for Writing Assembly Programs
Text editor is a simple word processing program used to write programs for the microcontroller. Advanced word processing course is not necessary, because it takes only ascii text-only processing.
Some programs under the Windows environment can be used such as Notepad or Wordpad (save as text document). Some of the text editor under DOS is also still usable, even more easily. The author likes Q-Edit to write programs microcontroller.
Microchip as microcontroller maker PIC16x84 provide special programs other than MPLAB which serves as a text editor as well as a compiler for the microcontroller (using MPASM) and also as progammer (for programmers such as microchips made PICSTART, PROMATE etc.)
Whatever text editor you use, one thing to remember is to give the name of the program with extension.asm. This allows us that the file is an assembler file. Basically giving the other extension also not be blamed.
Some programs under the Windows environment can be used such as Notepad or Wordpad (save as text document). Some of the text editor under DOS is also still usable, even more easily. The author likes Q-Edit to write programs microcontroller.
Microchip as microcontroller maker PIC16x84 provide special programs other than MPLAB which serves as a text editor as well as a compiler for the microcontroller (using MPASM) and also as progammer (for programmers such as microchips made PICSTART, PROMATE etc.)
Whatever text editor you use, one thing to remember is to give the name of the program with extension.asm. This allows us that the file is an assembler file. Basically giving the other extension also not be blamed.
Programming PIC Microcontroller with MPASM
MPASM is Microchip-made program that is used to compile the program we have created for PICmicro.After compiled microcontroller family, which has created the program will be transformed into specific codes (binary / hex) is only known by its the microcontroller .
Therefore, files generated by MPASM will with extension.hex. The following is an example of a hex file.
: 0A00000083168501831205140428FD
: 00000001FF
We do not understand the meaning of these numbers, but the microcontroller PIC16x84 will understand. After you compile your program and have made a file. Hex it is now time to put the program into the microcontroller and view performance microcontroller.
MPASM program is a compilation of the program not only for the microcontroller PIC16x84 course, but for PICmicro microcontroller families. This program is working in the Windows environment and there are unisex which DOS environment work in version 5.0 and above.
MPASM program can be used in 2 ways:
a.For produce absolute code (absolute code) that can be executed directly by the microcontroller.
b.For generate object code (object code) that can be compiled dilinked with other modules.
Source files used as input to the MPASM has a specific format. This format must be followed to prevent errors during assembly processes carried out. If there are errors in the source files, then during the assembly process will produce an error message if an error occurs, it will produce an error file (*. err) which can be read by a text editor program. Source files can be created by following the rules as follows.
Each line in the source file can contain four types of information are:
a.Label
A label must begin in the first column. This label can be followed by a colon (:), spaces, tabs, or the end of the line. Labels must begin by a letter or underscore and may contain letters, underscores or sign Tanya. Labels can use up to 32 characters in length.
b.Mnemonic
A mnemonic assembly instruction, assembler directive, calling the macro must begin in the second column or more. If there are labels on the same line, the command must be separated from that label by a colon or by one or more spaces or tabs. One or more spaces must be used to separate labels and also between the mnemonic mnemonic and Operands.
c.Operand
Operands follow the mnemonic. Operands must be separated from the mnemonic by one or more spaces or tabs. After the dot-coma by MPASM will be considered as comments and will be ignored by MPASM.
d.Comments
Comments can be included following the Operands, mnemonic or label and can begin in any column. Maximum width of the column is 255 characters.
To start using MPASM is very easy. Once you activate this program will look like in the Figure 1 will be obtained.
Figure 1.MPASM program source input display
You can just enter the file will be compiled through the BROWSE button. After that live press the Assemble. If the source file does not contain errors, it will be shown in green as figure 3 below
Figure 2. the result file compilation OK
Figure 3. compilation OK report
, but if produced error will be shown in red. To find out what mistakes we have done can be seen in the *. err file that is automatically generated.
Figure 4. the result file compilation NG
Figure 5. compilation NG report
Figure 6. the error message file
Note the error messages in the file *, err. Then fix the error, and compile with MPASM. If all error messages have been corrected, then the *. err file will not be produced again.
Therefore, files generated by MPASM will with extension.hex. The following is an example of a hex file.
: 0A00000083168501831205140428FD
: 00000001FF
We do not understand the meaning of these numbers, but the microcontroller PIC16x84 will understand. After you compile your program and have made a file. Hex it is now time to put the program into the microcontroller and view performance microcontroller.
MPASM program is a compilation of the program not only for the microcontroller PIC16x84 course, but for PICmicro microcontroller families. This program is working in the Windows environment and there are unisex which DOS environment work in version 5.0 and above.
MPASM program can be used in 2 ways:
a.For produce absolute code (absolute code) that can be executed directly by the microcontroller.
b.For generate object code (object code) that can be compiled dilinked with other modules.
Source files used as input to the MPASM has a specific format. This format must be followed to prevent errors during assembly processes carried out. If there are errors in the source files, then during the assembly process will produce an error message if an error occurs, it will produce an error file (*. err) which can be read by a text editor program. Source files can be created by following the rules as follows.
Each line in the source file can contain four types of information are:
a.Label
A label must begin in the first column. This label can be followed by a colon (:), spaces, tabs, or the end of the line. Labels must begin by a letter or underscore and may contain letters, underscores or sign Tanya. Labels can use up to 32 characters in length.
b.Mnemonic
A mnemonic assembly instruction, assembler directive, calling the macro must begin in the second column or more. If there are labels on the same line, the command must be separated from that label by a colon or by one or more spaces or tabs. One or more spaces must be used to separate labels and also between the mnemonic mnemonic and Operands.
c.Operand
Operands follow the mnemonic. Operands must be separated from the mnemonic by one or more spaces or tabs. After the dot-coma by MPASM will be considered as comments and will be ignored by MPASM.
d.Comments
Comments can be included following the Operands, mnemonic or label and can begin in any column. Maximum width of the column is 255 characters.
To start using MPASM is very easy. Once you activate this program will look like in the Figure 1 will be obtained.
Figure 1.MPASM program source input displayYou can just enter the file will be compiled through the BROWSE button. After that live press the Assemble. If the source file does not contain errors, it will be shown in green as figure 3 below
Figure 2. the result file compilation OK
Figure 3. compilation OK report, but if produced error will be shown in red. To find out what mistakes we have done can be seen in the *. err file that is automatically generated.
Figure 4. the result file compilation NG
Figure 5. compilation NG report
Figure 6. the error message fileNote the error messages in the file *, err. Then fix the error, and compile with MPASM. If all error messages have been corrected, then the *. err file will not be produced again.
Digital decoder for PLL
In the example of the use of TTL IC this time, we will try to submit a design Switch to set UPDOWN operating frequency of a PLL which uses TC 9122. First we will take the IC 7400 to create two inputs to the flipflop as the following counter is 74192.
Figure 1.Updown digital switch
With the above design, when the UP button is pressed, IC1 will count forward, and the calculation results will be issued as a Binary coded Decimal via pin 3, 2, 6 and 7. If the count at IC1 has reached 10, it will give one IC1 to IC2 pulses that will calculate forward IC2 and IC1 ONE count back to ZERO. BCD output is then used as input to the PLL to adjust the working frequency.
Figure 2.Seven segment display
If the output is sampled and used as input to the IC 7447 to turn 7 segment, the results of this calculation can be displayed.
Figure 1.Updown digital switch
Figure 2.Seven segment display If the output is sampled and used as input to the IC 7447 to turn 7 segment, the results of this calculation can be displayed.
December 03, 2009
Mixer oscillator for PLL
If the crystals with the ideal frequency is not obtained, then another way to create a feedback oscillator is by mixing the two oscillators. Mixture can also be done by entering the Carrier Oscillator frequency of the plane into the mixer and mix it with 3 MHz crystal oscillator (This crystals are common in the market ). To make this mixer can be used MC1496 as Figure 1 and TA7310 the following Figure 2. If we compare between the two mixer, then a simpler circuit TA7310 and not a lot of eating places on the PCB.
Figure 1. MC1496 mixer
Figure 2.TA7310 PLL mixer
If colleagues have advanced radio amateurs to assemble this kind of PLL along with modifications, it will easily develop with such use types other ICs. In this paper described only single-loop PLL with fellow radio amateur colleagues can continue to develop such a double-loop PLL design so obtained lengkah smaller multi-KHz and the VCO can also be developed into multiband PLL. With a little knowledge about the use of TTL ICs, the tuning frequency can be done in other ways such as with the UP / DOWN switch or can be developed again by using the Rotary decoder circuit.
Figure 1. MC1496 mixer
Figure 2.TA7310 PLL mixer
If colleagues have advanced radio amateurs to assemble this kind of PLL along with modifications, it will easily develop with such use types other ICs. In this paper described only single-loop PLL with fellow radio amateur colleagues can continue to develop such a double-loop PLL design so obtained lengkah smaller multi-KHz and the VCO can also be developed into multiband PLL. With a little knowledge about the use of TTL ICs, the tuning frequency can be done in other ways such as with the UP / DOWN switch or can be developed again by using the Rotary decoder circuit.
Oscillator Feedback Circuit
Feedback oscillator can be assembled in other ways, for example by using MPF102 FET type, 2SK19 or 2SK192. Also on the fine tuner, can be varactor diodes are used to replace varco functions, such as the example shown in the circuit diagram of Figure below .
Similarly VCO circuit, the PCB is possible to make VCO circuit which vary. These variations are not discussed in this paper, but his fellow radio amateurs are welcome to create their own.
Similarly VCO circuit, the PCB is possible to make VCO circuit which vary. These variations are not discussed in this paper, but his fellow radio amateurs are welcome to create their own.
December 02, 2009
Component and PCB Design PLL
The type and number of components required for assembly PLL are given in Table 1 below and the layout of components on the PCB can be examined in Figure 1 and the PCB as shown in Figure 2.
List of components.
Component parts primarily to the circuit loop filter and VCO circuit Is C1, C2, C3 and C4 is preferable to use Condensator NPO type C3, while for more preferred tantalum.
Figure 1 Component layout PLL
Figure 2 PCB layout PLL
How to assembly
How to install the components on the PCB is recommended to use sequential order as the following :
1. Installation of voltage regulator
2. Installation of VCO and then in a state of components in other parts not yet installed pengecheckan held output at OUTPUT terminals. The frequency of the output should be located in between 13 ~ 14 MHz.
3. Installation of feedback oscillator, then the output frequency was observed at 3 and the TEST POINT fine tuner to start, he should be able to move between the frequency of up to 12,700 + 1KHz untill 12,700 - 1KHz.
4. Installation DEVIDER 1 (TC5082) and checked on the TEST POINT 1, the output frequency must exactly 10 KHz.
5. Installation DEVIDER 2 (TC4017) and checked on the TEST POINT 2, the output frequency must exactly 1 KHz.
6. Installation of programmable DEVIDER (TC9122) and the phase detector (TC5081). With all installed components, PLL must be locked in position thumb wheel or thumb wheel 000 not installed (LED should be extinguished). If not locked, then the L1 adjusted on ferrite so that the PLL can be locked.
7. Installation of thumb wheel and then dial 999 is placed in position, the LED should remain off, if not then the ferrite from the L1 reset. In other words the PLL to the design must can be locked from the frequency to 13,700 MHz to 14,699 MHz.
8. Furthermore thumb wheel 000 is set at the position, then dial the unit level increased by equivalent to the number 9 position as observed whether the increase of output frequency exactly 1 KHz. Unless appropriate increase the frequency of 1 KHz is not swayed. So done also for the tens dial and dial hundreds. Please note that each will hold a checking, always considered first whether the component is fully installed and already well construction. Important is whether the voltage at the IC pins and pad at the foot of the transistor is correct.
List of components.
Component parts primarily to the circuit loop filter and VCO circuit Is C1, C2, C3 and C4 is preferable to use Condensator NPO type C3, while for more preferred tantalum.
Figure 1 Component layout PLL
Figure 2 PCB layout PLLHow to install the components on the PCB is recommended to use sequential order as the following :
1. Installation of voltage regulator
2. Installation of VCO and then in a state of components in other parts not yet installed pengecheckan held output at OUTPUT terminals. The frequency of the output should be located in between 13 ~ 14 MHz.
3. Installation of feedback oscillator, then the output frequency was observed at 3 and the TEST POINT fine tuner to start, he should be able to move between the frequency of up to 12,700 + 1KHz untill 12,700 - 1KHz.
4. Installation DEVIDER 1 (TC5082) and checked on the TEST POINT 1, the output frequency must exactly 10 KHz.
5. Installation DEVIDER 2 (TC4017) and checked on the TEST POINT 2, the output frequency must exactly 1 KHz.
6. Installation of programmable DEVIDER (TC9122) and the phase detector (TC5081). With all installed components, PLL must be locked in position thumb wheel or thumb wheel 000 not installed (LED should be extinguished). If not locked, then the L1 adjusted on ferrite so that the PLL can be locked.
7. Installation of thumb wheel and then dial 999 is placed in position, the LED should remain off, if not then the ferrite from the L1 reset. In other words the PLL to the design must can be locked from the frequency to 13,700 MHz to 14,699 MHz.
8. Furthermore thumb wheel 000 is set at the position, then dial the unit level increased by equivalent to the number 9 position as observed whether the increase of output frequency exactly 1 KHz. Unless appropriate increase the frequency of 1 KHz is not swayed. So done also for the tens dial and dial hundreds. Please note that each will hold a checking, always considered first whether the component is fully installed and already well construction. Important is whether the voltage at the IC pins and pad at the foot of the transistor is correct.
December 01, 2009
LC Resonance Circuit VFO
High frequency and low frequency limits of this work tend VFO determined by the value of L1 and C1 (check the circuit diagram in the figure 2 above),besides of course the use of varactor. Calculation for determine the amount of L1, C1 and varactor type used seemed too complicated. However, in practice we can expect roughly taking into account L1 and C1 alone and with trial and error method we develop some results so that getting what we want. To think big about inductance L1 with a capacitance C1 we have specify, you can use the following formula calc Resonance :
f is expressed in MHz
L is the inductance coil L1 is expressed in uH.
C is the capacitance C1 is expressed in pF.
For example in VCO design specified the desired resonant frequency 12.700MHz, while the value of 30 pF C1 is selected, then the calculation according to the formula above the value obtained L approximately 5 uH.
To make a coil with the above values should be some experiment. Based on the results of the experiment the author, when used Koker former radio IF as shown in Figure below with loops of wire Koker's former hair, then to be able to obtain the value approximately 5 uH 8T empirically necessary.
Figure IF coil
By rotating the coil ferrite is, the value will change the inductance that can be adjusted to obtain the correct value. Please note that not all Koker have the same properties, so depending on the type of ferrite used. Experiments in above is done by using IF Koker RCL brand shop that there are many in the market,with other types of Koker will get different results.
f is expressed in MHz L is the inductance coil L1 is expressed in uH.
C is the capacitance C1 is expressed in pF.
For example in VCO design specified the desired resonant frequency 12.700MHz, while the value of 30 pF C1 is selected, then the calculation according to the formula above the value obtained L approximately 5 uH.
To make a coil with the above values should be some experiment. Based on the results of the experiment the author, when used Koker former radio IF as shown in Figure below with loops of wire Koker's former hair, then to be able to obtain the value approximately 5 uH 8T empirically necessary.
Figure IF coil
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